a)      FLIGHT LEVEL (number); or

Level changes, reports and rates

…instruction that a climb (or descent) to a level within the vertical range defined is to commence

… for SST aircraft only

a)      CLIMB or DESCEND

Followed as necessary by:

i)                    To (level)

ii)                   TO AND MAINTAIN BLOCK (level) TO (level)

iii)                 TO REACH (level) AT (or BY) (time of significant point);

iv)                 REPORT LEAVING (or REACHING, or PASSING (level);

v)                   AT (number) FEET PER MINUTE [OR GREATER (or LESS];

vi)                 REPORT STARTING ACCELERATION (of DECELERATION).

b)      MAINTAIN AT LEAST (number) (FEET) ABOVE (or BELOW) (aircraft call sign)

c)       REQUEST LEVEL (or FLIGHT LEVEL or ALTITUDE) CHANGE FROM (name of unit( [AT (time of significant point )];

d)      STOP CLIMB (or DESCENT) TO (level)

e)      CONTINUE CLIMB (or DESCENT TO (level)

f)        EXPEDITE CLIMB (or DESCENT) [UNTIL PASSING (level)];

g)      WHEN READY CLIMB (of DESCENT) TO (level);

h)      EXPECT CLIMB (or DESCENT) AT (time or significant point);

i)        REQUEST DESCENT AT (time);*

j)        IMMEDIATELY;

… to require action at a specific time or place

…to require action when convenient

…to require an aircraft to climb of descend  maintaining own separation and VMC

…when there is doubt that an aircraft can comply with a clearance of instruction

…when a pilot is unable to comply with a clearance of instruction

…after modifying vertical speed to comply with ad ACAS resolution advisory (Pilot & controller interchange)

…after ACAS “Clear of Conflict” is annunciated (Pilot & controller interchange)

…after the response to an ACAS resolution advisory is completed (Pilot & controller interchange)

…after returning to clearance after responding to an ACAS resolution advisory (Pilot & controller interchange)

k)       AFTER PASSING (significant point)

l)        AT (time of significant point)

m)    WHEN READY (instruction)

n)      MAINTAIN OWN SEPARATION AND VMC [FROM (level) [TO (level)]

o)      MAINTAIN OWN SEPARATION AND VMB ABOVE (or BELOW, or TO (level;

p)      If unable (alternative instructions) AND ADVISE;

q)      *UNABLE;

r)       *TCAS CLIMB (or DESCENT);

s)       (acknowledgement);

t)        *RETURNING TO (assigned clearance);

u)      (acknowledgement) (or alternative instructions);

v)       *TCAS CLIMB (or DESCENT) RETURNING TO (assigned clearance);

w)     (acknowledgement) (or alternative instructions);

x)       *TCAS CLIMB (or DESCENT) – COMPLETED (assigned clearance) RESUMED

y)       (acknowledgement) (or alternative instructions);

z)       *UNABLE, TCAS RESOLUTION ADVISORY;

aa)    (acknowledgement)

* Denotes pilot transmission.

Transfer of control and/or frequency change

Note – An aircraft may be requested to “STAND BY” on a frequency when it is intended that the ATS unit will initiate communications soon and to “MONITOR” a frequency when information is being broadcast thereon.

Change of call sign

… to instruct an aircraft to change its type of call sign

…to advise an aircraft to revert to the call sign indicated in the flight plan

Traffic information

…to pass traffic information

…to acknowledge traffic information

a)      CONTACT (unit call sign) (frequency) [NOW];

b)      AT (or OVER) (time or place) [or WHEN] [PASSING/LEAVING/REACHING] (level)] CONTACT (unit call sign) (frequency);

c)       IF NO CONTACT (instructions);

d)      STAND BY (frequency) FOR (unit call sign);

e)      *REQUEST CHANGE TO (frequency);

f)        FREQUENCY CHANGE APPROVED;

g)      MONITOR (unit call sign) (frequency);

h)      *MONITORING (frequency);

i)        WHEN READY CONTACT (unit call sign) (frequency)

j)        REMAIN THIS FREQUENCY.

* Denotes pilot transmission

a)      CHANGE YOUR CALL SIGN TO (new call sign) [UNTIL FURTHER ADVISED]

b)      REVERT TO FLIGHT PLAN CALL SIGN (call sign) [AT (significant point)]

a)      TRAFFIC (information)

b)      NO REPORTED TRAFFIC;

c)       * LOOKING OUT;

d)      * TRAFFIC IN SIGHT;

e)      * NEGATIVE CONTACT (reasons)

f)        [ADDITIONAL] TRAFFIC (direction) BOUND (type of aircraft) (level) ESTIMATED (or OVER) (significant point) AT (time);

g)      TRAFFIC IS (classification) UNMANNED FREE BALLOON (S) WAS [or ESTIMATED] OVER (place) AT (time) REPORTED (level(s) [or LEVEL UNKNOWN] MOVING (direction) (other pertinent information, if any)

Meteorological conditions

…for multiple RVR observations

…in the event that RVR information on any one position is not available this information will be included in the appropriate sequence.

a)      [SURFACE] WIND (number) DEGREES (speed) (units);

b)      WIND AT (level) (number) DEGREES (number) (KNOTS)

Note – Wind is always expressed by giving the mean direction and speed and any significant variations thereof.

c)       VISIBILITY (distance) (units) [direction]

d)      RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (or RVR) [RUNWAY (number)] (distance) (units);

e)      RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (or RVR) [RUNWAY (number)] NOT AVAILABLE (or NOT REPORTED)

f)        RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (or RVR) [RUNWAY (number)] (first position) (distance) (units), (second position) (distance) (units), (third position) (distance) (units);

Note 1 – Multiple RVR observations are always representative of the touchdown zone, midpoint zone and the roll-out/stop zone respectively.

Note 2 – where reports for three locations are given the indication of these locations may be omitted, provided that the reports are passed in the order of touchdown zone, followed by the midpoint zone and ending with the roll-out/stop end zone report.

g)      RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (or RVR) [RUNWAY (number)] (first position) (distance) (units), (second position) NOT AVAILABLE, (third position) (distance) (units)

h)      PRESENT WEATHER (details);

i)        CLOUD (amount [(type)] and height of base) (units) (of SKY CLEAR);

j)        CAVOK;

Note – CAVOK pronounced CAV-O-KAY.

k)       TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number) (and/or) DEW-POINT [MINUS] (number);

l)        QNH (number) [(units)] ;

m)    QFE (number) [(units)] ;

n)      (aircraft type) REPORTED (description) ICING (or TURBULENCE) [IN CLOUD] (area) (time);

Position reporting

…to omit position reports until a specified position

a)      NEXT REPORT AT (significant point)

b)      OMIT POSITION REPORTS [UNTIL (specify)]

c)       RESUME POSITION REPORTING

Additional reports

…to request a report at a specified place of distance.

…to request a report of present position

a)      REPORT PASSING (significant point);

b)      REPORT (distance) FROM (name of DME station) DME

c)       REPORT PASSING (three digits) RADIAL (name of VOR) VOR;

d)      REPORT DISTANCE FROM (significant point);

e)      REPORT DISTANCE FROM (name of DME station) DME;

Aerodrome information

a)      [(location) RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION RUNWAY (number) (condition);

b)      [(location) RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION RUNWAY (number) NOT CURRENT;

c)       LANDING SURFACE (condition);

d)      CAUTION CONSTRUCTION WORK (location);

e)      CAUTION (specify reasons) RIGHT (or LEFT) (or BOTH SIDES) OF RUNWAY [number];

f)        CAUTION WORK IN PROGRESS (or OBSTRUCTION) (position and any necessary advice)

g)      RUNWAY REPORT AT (observation time) RUNWAY (number) (type of precipitant) UP TO (depth of deposit) MILLIMETERS.  BRAKING ACTION GOOD (or MEDIUM TO POOR, or POOR or UNRELIABLE) [and/or BRAKING COEFFICIENT (equipment and number)

h)      BRAKING ACTION REPORTED BY (aircraft type) AT (time) GOOD (or MEDIUM or POOR);

i)        BRAKING ACTION [(location)[ (measuring equipment used), RUNWAY (number), TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number), WAS (reading) AT (time);

j)        RUNWAY (or TAXIWAY) (number) WET (or DAMP, WATER PATCHES, FLOODED (depth) or SNOW REMOVED (length and width as applicable), or TREATED, or COVERED WITH PATCHES or DRY SNOW (or WET SNOW, or COMPACTED SNOW, or SLUSH, or FROZEN SLUSH, or ICE, or ICE UNDERNEATH, or ICE AND SNOW, or SNOWDRIFTS, or FROZEN RUTS and RIDGES)];

k)       TOWER OBSERVES (weather information)

a)      (specific visual or non-visual aid) RUNWAY (number) (description of deficiency);

b)      (type) LIGHTING (unserviceability)

c)       ILS CATEGORY (category) (serviceability state)

d)      TAXIWAY LIGHTING (description of deficiency)

Area control Services

a)      (name of unit) CLEARS (aircraft call sign);

b)      (aircraft call sign) CLEARED TO;

c)       RE-CLEARED (amended clearance details) [REST OF CLEARANCE UNCHANGED]

d)      RE-CLEARS (amended route portion) TO (significant point of original route) [REST OF CLEARANCE UNCHANGED]

e)      ENTER CONTROLLED AIRSPACE (or CONTROL ZONE) [VIA (significant point or route)] AT (level) [AT (time)]

f)        LEAVING CONTROLLED AIRSPACE (or CONTROL ZONE) [VIA (significant point or route)] AT (level) (of CLIMBING, or DESCENDING);

a)      FROM (location) TO (location);

b)      TO (location),

Followed as necessary by:

i)  Direct;

ii) VIA (route and/or significant points)

iii)                 VIA FLIGH PLANNED ROUTE;

Note – Conditions associated with the use of this phrases are in Part 111, 12.2 (Doc 4444) not included

iv)  VIA (distance) DME ARC (direction) of (name of DME station)

c)  (route) NOT AVAILABLE DUE (reason) ALTERNATIVE [S] IS/ARE (routes) ADVISE.

a)      MAINTAIN (level) [TO (significant point)]

b)      MAINTAIN (level) UNTIL PASSING (significant point)

c)       MAINTAIN (level) UNTIL PASSING (significant point)

d)      MAINTAIN (level) UNTIL (time)

e)      MAINTAIN (level) UNTIL ADVISED BY  (name of unit)

g)      MAINTAIN (level) WHILE IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

h)      MAINTAIN BLOCK (level) TO (level).

a)      CROSS (significant point) AT (or ABOVE, or BELOW) (level);

b)      CROSS (significant point) AT (time) or LATER  (or BEFORE) AT (level);

c)       CRUISE CLIMB BETWEEN (levels) (of ABOVE (level));

d)      CROSS (distance) DME [(direction)] OF (name of DME station) AT (or ABOVE of BELOW level)

a)      * EMERGENCY DESCENT (intentions);

b)      ATTENTION ALL AIRCRAFT IN THE VICINITY OF [or AT] (significant point or location) EMERGENCY DESCENT IN PROGRESS FORM (level) (followed as necessary by specific instructions, clearances, traffic information etc)

a)      CROSS (significant point) AT (time) [or LATER  (or BEFORE)];

b)      ADVISE IF ABLE TO CROSS (significant point) AT (time or level);

c)       MAINTAIN MACH (number) [OR GREATER (or LESS) [UNTIL (significant point)]

d)      DO NOT EXCEED MACH (number)

a)      ADVISE IF ABLE TO PROCEED PARALLEL OFFSET,

b)      PROCEED OFFSET (distance) RIGHT/LEFT OF (route) (track) [CENTRE LINE] [AT (significant point or time)] [UNTIL (significant point of time)];

Approach Control Services

a)      [AFTER DEPARTURE] TURN RIGHT (or LEFT HEADING (three digits) (or CONTINUE RUNWAY HEADING) (or TRACK EXTENDED CENTRE LINE) TO (level or significant point) [(other instructions as required)];

b)      AFTER REACHING (or PASSING) (level or significant point) (instructions)

c)       TURN RIGHT (or LEFT) HEADING (three digits) TO (level) [TO INTERCEPT (track, route, airway etc)

d)      (standard departure name and number) DEPARTURE;

e)      TRACK (three digits) DEGREES [MAGNETIC (or TRUE)] TO (or FROM) (significant point) UNTIL (time or REACHING (fix or level or significant point) [BEFORE PROCEEDING ON COURSE

a)      CLEARED (or PROCEED) VIA (designation;

b)      CLEARED TO (clearance limit) VIA (designation);

c)       CLEARED (or PROCEED) VIA (details of route to be followed)

d)      CLEARED (type of approach) APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)]

e)      CLEARED (type of approach) RUNWAY (number) FOLLOWED BY CIRCLING TO RUNWAY (number)

f)        CLEARED APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)]

g)      COMMENCE APPROACH AT (time)

h)      *REQUEST STRAIGHT-IN [(type of approach)] APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)]

i)        CLEARED STRAIGHT-IN [(type of approach)] APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)]

j)        REPORT VISUAL

k)       REPORT RUNWAY [LIGHTS] IN SIGHT;

l)        *REQUEST VISUAL APPROACH

m)    CLEARED VISUAL APPROACH RUNWAY (number)

n)      REPORT (significant point); [OUTBOUND or INBOUND];

o)      REPORT COMMENCING PROCEDURE TURN

p)      *REQUEST VMC DESCENT

q)      MAINTAIN OWN SEPERATION

r)       MAINTAIN VMC

s)       ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH (name) APPROACH PROCEDURE

t)        *REQUEST (type of approach) APPROACH [RUNWAY(number)]

u)      REQUEST (RNAV plain language designator)

v)       CLEARED (RNAV plain language designator)

Holding clearances

                                                    ….visual

…published holding procedure over a facility of fix

a)      HOLD VISUAL [OVER] (position) (or BETWEEN (two prominent landmarks))

b)      CLEARED (or PROCEED) TO (significant point, name of facility or fix) [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB or DESCENT TO) (level)] HOLD [(direction)] AS PUBLISHED EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE) AT (time)

c)       *REQUEST HOLDING INSTRUCTIONS

d)      CLEARED (or PROCEED) TO (significant point, name of facility or fix) [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB or DESCENT TO) (level)] HOLD [(direction)] [(specified) RADIAL, COURSE, INBOUND TRACK (three digits) DEGREES] [RIGHT (or LEFT) HAND PATTERN] [OUTBOUND TIME (number) MINUTES] EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE) AT (time) (additional instructions, if necessary);

e)      CLEARED TO THE (three digits) RADIAL OF THE (name) VOR AT (distance) DME FIX [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB or DESCEND TO (level)] HOLD [(direction)] [RIGHT (or LEFT) HAND PATTERN] [OUTBOUND TIME (number) MINUTES] EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE) AT (time) (additional instructions, if necessary)

f)        CLEARED TO THE (three digits) RADIAL OF THE (name) VOR AT (distance) DME FIX [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB or DESCEND TO (level)] HOLD BETWEEN (distance) AND (distance) DME [RIGHT (or LEFT) HAND PATTERN] EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE) AT (time) (additional instructions, if necessary)

* Denotes pilot transmission

a)      NO DELAY EXPECTED,

b)      EXPECTED APPROACH TIME (time);

c)       REVISED EXPECTED APPROACH TIME (time)

d)      DELAY NOT DETERMINED (reasons)

SHOW LANDING LIGHTS

a)      ACKNOWLEDE BY MOVING AILERONS (or RUBBER)

b)      ACKNOWLEDGE BY ROCKING WINGS

c)       ACKNOWLEDGE BY FLASHING LANDING LIGHTS

Starting procedures

…to request permission to start engines

a)      *[aircraft location] REQUEST START UP

b)      *[aircraft location] REQUEST START UP, INFORMATION (ATIS identification)

c)       START UP APPROVED

d)      START UP AT (time)

e)      EXPECTED START UP AT (time)

f)        START UP AT OWN DISCRETION

g)      EXPECT DEPARTURE (time) START UP AT OWN DISCRETION

Push-back procedures

Note – When local procedures so prescribe, authorisation for pushback should be obtained from the control tower.

a)       *[aircraft location] REQUEST PUSH BACK

b)      PUSH BACK APPROVED

c)       STAND BY

d)      PUSH BACK AT OWN DISCRETION

e)      EXPECT (number) MINUTES DELAY TO (reason);

* Denotes pilot transmission

Towing procedures

…ATC response

a)      #REQUEST TOW [company name] (aircraft type) FROM (location) TO (location)

b)      TOW APPROVED VIA (specific routing to be followed)

c)       HOLD POSITION

d)      STAND BY

To request time check and/or aerodrome data for departure

a)      * REQUEST TIME CHECK;

b)      TIME (time)

c)       *REQUEST DEPARTURE INFORMATION

d)      RUNWAY (number) WIND (direction and speed); (units) QNH (or QFE) (number) [(units) TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number), [VISIBILITY (distance) (units) (or RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (or RVR) (distance) (units)] [TIME (time)]

Note – If multiple visibility and RVR observations are available, those that represent the roll-out/stop end zone should be used for take-off.

* Denotes pilot transmission.

Taxi procedures

                                                   …for departure

…where detailed taxi instructions are required

…where aerodrome information is not available from an alternative source such as ATIS

…for helicopter operations

a)      *[aircraft type] [wake turbulence category if “heavy”] [aircraft location] REQUEST TAXI [intentions]

b)      *[aircraft type] [wake turbulence category if “heavy”] [aircraft location] (flight rules) TO (aerodrome of destination)  REQUEST TAXI [intentions]

c)       TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION [number] [RUNWAY (number)] [TIME (time)]

d)      *[aircraft type] [wake turbulence category if “heavy”] REQUEST DETAILED TAXI INSTRUCTIONS

e)      TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION [(number)] [RUNWAY (number) VIA (specific  route to be followed) [TIME (time)] [HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY (number)]

f)        TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION [(number)] (followed by aerodrome information as applicable) [TIME (time)]

g)      TAKE (or TURN) FIRST (or SECOND) LEFT (or RIGHT)

h)      TAXI VIA (identification of taxiway)

i)        TAXI VIA RUNWAY (number)

j)        TAXI TO TERMINAL (or other location, e.g. GENERAL AVIATION AREA) [STAND (number)]

k)       *REQUEST AIR-TAXIING FROM (or VIA) TO (location or routing as appropriate)

l)        AIR-TAXI TO (or VIA) (location or routing as appropriate [CAUTION (dust, blowing snow, loose debris, taxiing light aircraft, personnel, etc)]

m)    AIR TAXI VIA (direct, as requested, or specified route) TO (location, heliport, operating or movement area, active or inactive runway).  AVOID (aircraft or vehicles or personnel)

n)      * REQUEST BACKTRACK

o)      BACKTRACK APPROVED

p)      BACKTRACK RUNWAY (number)

q)      *[(aircraft location)] REQUEST TAXI TO (destination on aerodrome)

r)       TAXI STRAIGHT AHEAD

s)       TAXI WITH CAUTION

t)        GIVE WAY TO (description and position of other aircraft)

u)      *GIVING WAY TO (traffic)

v)       *TRAFFIC (or type of aircraft) IN SIGHT

w)     TAXI INTO HOLDING BAY

x)       FOLLOW ( description of other aircraft or vehicle)

y)       VACATE RUNWAY

z)       *RUNWAY VACATED

aa)   EXPEDITE TAXI [(reason)]

bb)   *EXPEDITING

cc)    [CAUTION] TAXI SLOWER (reason)

dd)   *SLOWING DOWN

Denotes pilot transmission

Holding

a)      “”HOLD (direction) OF (position, runway number, etc)

b)      “”HOLD POSITION

c)       “”HOLD (distance) FROM (position)

d)      “”HOLD SHORT OF (position)

e)      *HOLDING

f)        *HOLDING SHORT

“”Requires specific acknowledgement from the pilot.

# where there is a possibility of confusion during multiple runway operations

Take-off clearance

…when more than one runway is in use

…when take-off clearance has not been complied with

…to cancel a take-off clearance

…to stop a take-off after an aircraft has commenced take-off roll

                               …for helicopter operations

a)      CLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF [REPORT AIRBORNE];

b)      RUNWAY (number) CLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF

c)       TAKE-OFF IMMEDIATELY OF VACATE RUNWAY [(instructions)];

d)      TAKE-OFF IMMEDIATELY OR HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY

e)      HOLD POSITION, CANCEL TAKE-OFF I SAY AGAIN CANCEL TAKE-OFF (reasons)

f)        *HOLDING;

g)      STOP IMMEDIATELY [(repeat aircraft call sign) STOP IMMEDIATELY]

h)      *STOPPING

i)        CLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF [FROM (location)] (repeat position, taxiway, final approach and take-off area, runway and number)

j)        *REQUEST FOR DEPARTURE INSTRUCTIONS

k)       AFTER DEPARTURE TURN RIGHT (or LEFT, of CLIMB) (instructions as appropriate).

*  Denotes pilot transmission, HOLDING and 

     STOPPING are the procedural responses to (e)

    and (g) respectively

Turn of climb instructions after take-off

                                          …to request airborne time

a)      REQUEST RIGHT (or LEFT) TURN

b)      RIGHT (or LEFT) TURN APPROVED

c)       WILL ADVISE LATER FOR RIGHT (or LEFT) TURN

d)      REPORT AIRBORNE

e)      AIRBORNE (time)

f)        AFTER PASSING (level) (instructions)

g)      CONTINUE RUNWAY HEADING (instructions)

h)      TRACK EXTENDED CENTRE LINE (instructions)

i)        CLIMB STRAIGHT AHEAD (instructions)

* Denotes pilot transmission.

Entering an aerodrome traffic circuit

…when right hand traffic circuit in use

…when ATIS information is available

a)      *[aircraft type] (position) (level) FOR LANDING;

b)      JOIN (position in circuit) (direction of circuit) (runway number) [SURFACE] WIND (direction and speed) (units) [TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number) QNH (or QFE) (number [(units)] [TRAFFIC (detail)]

c)       MAKE STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH, RUNWAY (number) [SURFACE] WIND (direction and speed) (units) [TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number) QNH (or QFE) (number) [(units)] [TRAFFIC (detail)]

d)      JOIN RIGHT HAND (position in circuit) (runway number) [SURFACE] WIND (direction and speed) (units) [TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number)] QNF (or QFE) (number) [(units)] [TRAFFIC (detail)]

e)      *[aircraft type] (position) (level) INFORMATION (AITS identification) FOR LANDING;

f)        JOIN (position in circuit) (direction of circuit) RUNWAY (number) QNH (or QFE) (number [(units)] [TRAFFIC (detail)]

* Denotes pilot transmission

a)      *(position in circuit, e.g. DOWNWIND/FINAL)

b)      NUMBER … FOLLOW (aircraft type and position [additional instructions if required]

* Denotes pilot transmission

Approach instructions

a)      MAKE SHORT APPROACH

b)      MAKE LONG APPROACH (or EXTEND DOWNWIND)

c)       REPORT BASE (or FINAL, or LONG FINAL)

Landing

…multiple runway operations

…to make an approach along, or parallel to a runway, descending to an agreed minimum level

a)      CLEARED TO LAND

b)      RUNWAY (number) cleared to land

c)       CLEARED TOUCH AND GO

d)      MAKE FULL STOP

e)      *REQUEST LOW APPROACH (reasons)

f)        CLEARED LOW APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)] [(altitude restriction if required) (go around instructions)]

g)      *REQUEST LOW PASS (reasons)

h)      CLEARED LOW PASS [(as in f)]

i)        *REQUEST STRAIGHT-IN (or CIRCLING APPROACH, LEFT (or RIGHT) TURN TO (location))

j)        MAKE STRAIGHT-IN (or CIRCLING APPROACH, LEFT (or RIGHT) TO (location, runway, taxiway, final approach and take-off area)) [ARRIVAL (or ARRIVAL ROUTE) (number, name or code)] [HOLD SHORT OF (active runway, extended runway centre line, other)] [REMAIN (direction or distance) FROM (runway, runway centre line, other helicopter or aircraft)] [CAUTION (power lines, unlighted obstructions, wake turbulence etc)] CLEARED TO LAND.

* Denotes pilot transmission

Delaying aircraft

a)      CIRCLE THE AERODROME

b)      ORBIT (RIGHT or LEFT) [FROM PRESENT POSITION]

c)       MAKE ANOTHER CIRCUIT

Missed Approach

a)      GO AROUND

b)  *GOING AROUND

* Denotes pilot transmission

Information to aircraft

a)      LANDING GEAR APPEARS DOWN

b)      RIGHT (or LEFT or NOSE) WHEEL APPEARS UP (or DOWN)

                                  …wake turbulence

                                 …jet blast on apron or taxiway

c)       WHEELS APPEAR UP

d)      RIGHT (or LEFT or NOSE) WHEEL DOES NOT APPEAR UP (or DOWN)

e)      CAUTION WAKE TURBULENCE [FROM ARRIVING (or DEPARTING) (type of aircraft)] [additional information as required]

f)        CAUTION JET BLAST

g)      CAUTION SLIPSTREAM

Runway vacating and communications after landing

a)      CONTACT GROUND (frequency)

b)      WHEN VACATED CONTACT GROUND (frequency)

c)       EXPEDITE VACATING

d)      YOUR STAND (or GATE) (designation)

e)      TAKE (or TURN) FIRST (or SECOND or CONVENIENT) LEFT (or RIGHT) AND CONTACT GROUND (frequency)

f)        AIR-TAXI TO HELICOPTER STAND (or) HELICOPTER PARKING POSITION (area)

g)      AIR-TAXI (or VIA) (location or routing as appropriate) [CAUTION (dust, blowing snow, loose debris, taxing light aircraft, personnel etc)]

h)      AIR-TAXI VIA (direct, as requested, or specified route) TO (location, heliport, operating or movement area, active or inactive runway.  AVOID (aircraft or vehicles or personnel)

Co-ordination between ATS units

Estimates and revisions

…sending unit

…receiving unit reply (if flight plan details are not available)

…receiving unit reply (if flight plan details are available)

a)      ESTIMATE [direction of flight] (aircraft call sign) [SQUAWKING (SSR code)] (type) ESTIMATED (significant point) (rime) (level) (or  DESCENDING FROM (level) TO (level) [SPEED (filed TAS)] (route) [REMARKS]

b)      ESTIMATE (significant point) ON (aircraft call sign)

c)       NO DETAILS

(aircraft type) (destination)

[SQUAWKING (SSR code) [ESTIMATED] (significant point) (time) AT (level)

Note – In the event that flight plan details are not available the receiving station shall reply to b) NO DETAILS and transmitting station shall pass full estimate as in a)

d)      ESTIMATE UNMANNED FREE BALLOON(S) (identification and classification) ESTIMATED OVER (place) AT (time) REPORTED FLIGHT LEVEL(S) (figure or figures) [or FLIGHT LEVEL UNKNOWN] MOVING (direction) ESTIMATED GROUND SPEED (figure) (other pertinent information, if any)

e)      REVISION (aircraft call sign) (details as necessary)

a)      REQUEST RELEASE OF (aircraft call sign)

b)      (aircraft call sign) RELEASED [AT (time)] [conditions and restrictions]

c)       IS (aircraft call sign) RELEASED [FOR CLIMB (or DESCENT)]

d)      (aircraft call sign) NOT RELEASED [UNTIL (time or significant point)]

e)      UNABLE (aircraft call sign) [TRAFFIC IS (details)]

a)      MAY WE CHANGE CLEARANCE OF (aircraft call sign) TO (details of alteration proposed)

b)      AGREED TO (alterations of clearance) OF (aircraft call sign)

c)       UNABLE (aircraft call sign)

d)      UNABLE (desired route, level etc) FOR (aircraft call sign) [DUE (reason)] (alternative clearance proposed)

a)      APPROVAL REQUEST (aircraft call sign) ESTIMATED DEPARTURE FROM (significant point) AT (time)

b)      (aircraft call sign) REQUEST APPROVED [(restriction if any)]

c)       (aircraft call sign) UNABLE (alternative instructions)

a)      [INBOUND RELEASE] (aircraft call sign) [SQUAWKING (SSR code)] (type) FROM (departure point) RELEASED AT (significant point, or time or level) CLEARED TO AND ESTIMATING (clearance limit) (time) AT (level) [EXPECTED APPROACH TIME or NO DELAY EXPECTED] CONTACT AT (time)

a)      RADAR HANDOVER (aircraft call sign) [SQUAWKING (SSR code)] POSITION (aircraft position) (level)

a)      EXPEDITE CLEARANCE (aircraft call sign) EXPEDITED DEPARTURE FROM (place) AT (time)

b)      EXPEDITE CLEARANCE (aircraft call sign) [ESTIMATED] OVER (place) AT (time) REQUESTS (level or route etc)

a)      REPORT HEADING [AND FLIGHT LEVEL (or ALTITUDE)]

b)      FOR IDENTIFICATION TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) HEADING (three digits)

c)       TRANSMIT FOR IDENTIFICATION AND REPORT HEADING

d)      RADAR CONTACT [position]

e)      IDENTIFIED [position]

f)        NOT IDENTIFIED [reason], [RESUME (or CONTINUE) OWN NAVIGATION]

POSITION (distance) (direction) OR (significant point) (or OVER or ABEAM (significant point))

a)      LEAVE (significant point) HEADING (three digits)

b)      CONTINUE HEADING (three digits)

c)       CONTINUE PRESENT HEADING

d)      FLY HEADING (three digits)

e)      TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (three digits) [reason]

f)        TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (number of degrees) DEGREES [reason]

g)      STOP TURN HEADING (three digits)

h)      FLY HEADING (three digits), WHEN ABLE PROCEED DIRECT (name) (significant point)

a)      RESUME OWN NAVIGATION (position of aircraft) (specific instructions)

b)      RESUME OWN NAVIGATION [DIRECT] (significant point) [MAGNETIC TRACK (three digits) DISTANCE (number) MILES]

Manoeuvres

…(in case of unreliable directional instruments on board aircraft)

Note – when it is necessary to specify a reason for radar vectoring or for the above manoeuvres, the following phraseologies should be used:

a)      DUE TRAFFIC

b)      FOR SPACING

c)       FOR DELAY

a)      MAKE A THREE SIXTY TURN LEFT (or RIGHT [reason]

b)      ORBIT LEFT (or RIGHT) [reason]

c)       MAKE ALL TURNS RATE ONE (or RATE HALF or (number) DEGREES PER SECOND) START AND STOP ALL TURNS ON THE COMMAND "NOW”

d)      TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) NOW

e)      STOP TURN NOW

a)      REPORT SPEED

b)      SPEED (number) KNOTS PER HOUR

c)       MAINTAIN (number) KNOTS PER HOUR [OR GREATER (or) OR LESS] [UNTIL (significant point)]

d)      DO NOT EXCEED (number) KNOTS PER HOUR

e)      MAINTAIN PRESENT SPEED

f)        INCREASE (or REDUCE) SPEED TO (number) KNOTS PER HOUR [OR GREATER (or OR LESS)]

g)      INCREASE (or REDUCE) SPEED BY (number) KNOTS PER HOUR

h)      RESUME NORMAL SPEED

i)        REDUCE TO MINIMUM APPROACH SPEED

j)        REDUCE TO MINIMUM CLEAN SPEED

Position reporting

a)      OMIT POSITION REPORTS [UNTIL (specify)]

b)      NEXT REPORT AT (significant time)

c)       REPORTS REQUIRED ONLY AT (significant point(s))

d)      RESUME POSITION REPORTING

Traffic information and avoiding action

                                                       …(if known)

…to request avoiding action

…when passing unknown traffic

a)      TRAFFIC (number) O’CLOCK (distance) (direction of flight) [any other pertinent information]

1)      UNKNOWN

2)      SLOW MOVING

3)      FAST MOVING

4)      CLOSING

5)      OPPOSITE (or SAME) DIRECTION

6)      OVERTAKING

7)      CROSSING LEFT TO RIGHT (or RIGHT to LEFT)

8)      (aircraft type)

9)      (level)

10)   CLIMBING (or DESCENDING)

b)      *REQUEST VECTORS

c)       DO YOU WANT VECTORS

d)      CLEAR OF TRAFFIC [appropriate instructions]

e)      TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) IMMEDIATELY HEADING (three digits) TO AVOID [UNIDENTIFIED] TRAFFIC AT (bearing by clock-reference and distance)

f)        TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (number of degrees) DEGREES  IMMEDIATELY TO AVOID [UNIDENTIFIED] TRAFFIC AT (bearing by clock-reference and distance)

* Denotes pilot transmission

Communications and loss of communications

.. if loss of communications suspected

 Termination of radar services

Radar equipment degradation

Vecoring for approach

a)      [IF] RADIO CONTACT IS LOST . (instructions)

b) IF NO TRANSMISSION IS RECEIVED FOR (number) MINUTES (or SECONDS)  (instructions)

c)  REPLY NOT RECEIVED  (instructions)

d)  IF YOU READ [manoeuvre instructions or SQUAWK ( code or IDENT)];

e) (manoeuvre or SQUAWK) OBSERVED POSITION (position of aircraft) WILL CONTINUE RADAR CONTROL

 a) RADAR CONTROL TERMINATED [DUE (reason)];

b) RADAR SERVICE TERMINATED (instructions)

c) WILL SHORTLY LOSE IDENTIFICATION (appropriate instructions or information);

d) IDENTIFICATION LOST [reason] (instructions)

a) SECONDARY RADAR OUT OF SERVICE (appropriate instructions or information);

b) PRIMARY RADAR OUT OF SERVICE (appropriate instructions or information)

a) VECTORING FOR (type of pilot-interpreted aid) APPROACH RUNWAY (number)

b) VECTORING FOR VISUAL APPROACH RUNWAY (number) REPORT FIELD (or RUNWAY) IN SIGHT

c) VECTORING FOR (positioning in the circuit);

d) VECTORING FOR SURVEILLANCE RADAR APPROACH RUNWAY (number);

VECTORING FOR PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY (number);

f) (type) APPROACH NOT AVAILABLE  DUE (reason) (alternative instructions)

Vectoring for ILS and other pilot-interpreted aids

…when a pilot wishes to be positioned a specific distance from touchdown

a)      POSITION (number) (MILES) from (fix) TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) HEADING (three digits)

b)      YOU WILL INTERCEPT (radio aid or track) (distance) FROM (significant point or TOUCHDOWN)

c)       *REQUEST (distance) FINAL

d)      CLEARED FOR (type) APPROACH RUNWAY (number)

e)      REPORT ESTABLISHED [ON ILS (LOCALISER) or (GLIDEPATH)]

f)        CLOSING FROM LEFT (or RIGHT) [REPORT ESTABLISHED]

g)      TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) HEADING (three digits) [TO INTECEPT] or [REPORT ESTABLISHED]

h)      EXPECT VECTOR ACROSS (localiser course or radio aid) [reason]

i)        THIS TURN WILL TAKE YOU THROUGH (localiser course or radio aid) [reason]

j)        TAKING YOU THROUGH (localiser course or radio aid) [reason]

k)       MAINTAIN (altitude) UNTIL GLIDE PATH INTERCEPTION

l)        REPORT ESTABLISHED  ON GLIDE PATH

m)    INTERCEPT (localiser course or radio aid) [REPORT ESTABLISHED]

* Denotes pilot transmission

Manoeuvre during independent and dependant parallel approaches

a)      CLEARED FOR ILS APPROACH RUNWAY (number) LEFT (or RIGHT)

b)      YOU HAVE CROSSED THE LOCALISER TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) IMMEDIATELY AND RETURN TO THE LOCALISER

c)       ILS RUNWAY (number) LEFT (or RIGHT) LOCALISER FREQUENCY IS (frequency)

d)      TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (number) DEGREES (or HEADING) (three digits) IMMEDIATELY TO AVOID TRAFFIC [DEVIATING FROM ADJACENT APPROACH] CLIMB TO (altitude)

Surveillance radar approach

a)      THIS WILL BE SURVEILLANCE RADAR APPROACH RUNWAY (number) TERMINATING AT (distance) FROM TOUCHDOWN, OBSTACLE CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (or HEIGHT) (number) (FEET) CHECK YOUR MINIMA [INCASE OF GO AROUND] (instructions)

a)      COMMENCE DESCENT NOW [TO MAINTAIN A (number) DEGREE GLIDE PATH

b)      (distance) FROM TOUCHDOWN ALTITUDE (or HEIGHT) SHOULD BE (numbers and units)

a)      CHECK GEAR DOWN [AND UNLOCKED]

b)      OVER THRESHOLD

a)      REPORT VISUAL

b)      REPORT RUNWAY [LIGHTS] IN SIGHT

c)       APPROACH COMPLETED [CONTACT 

        (unit)]

PAR approach

a)      THIS WILL BE A PRECISION RADAR APPROACH RUNWAY (number)

b)      PRECISION APPROACH NOT AVAILABLE DUE TO (reason) (alternative instructions)

c)       IN CASE OF GO AROUND (instructions)

a)      DO NOT ACKNOWLEDGE FURTHER TRANSMISSIONS

b)      REPLY NOT RECEIVED, WILL CONTINUE INSTRUCTIONS

a)      CLOSING [SLOWLY )or QUICKLY)] [FROM THE LEFT (or FROM THE RIGHT]

b)      HEADING IS GOOD

d)      SLIGHTLY (or WELL, or GOING) LEFT (or RIGHT) OF TRACK

a)      APPROACH GLIDE PATH

b)      COMMENCE DESCENT NOW [AT (number) FEET PER MINUTE (or ESTABLISH A (number) DEGREE GLIDE PATH)]

c)       RATE OF DESCENT IS GOOD

d)      ON GLIDE PATH

e)      SLIGHTLY (or WELL, or GOING) ABOVE (or BELOW) GLIDE PATH

f)        [STILL] (number) (FEET) TOO HIGH (or TOO LOW)

g)      ADJUST RATE OF DESCENT

h)      COMING BACK [SLOWLY (or QUICKLY)] TO THE GLIDE PATH

i)        RESUME NORMAL RATE OF DESCENT

j)        ELEVATION ELEMENT UNSERVICEABLE (to be followed by appropriate instructions)

a)      (distance) FROM TOUCHDOWN

b)      OVER APPROACH LIGHTS

c)       OVER THRESHOLD

a)      CHECK GEAR DOWN AND LOCKED

b)    CHECK DECISION ALTITUDE (or HEIGHT)

a)      REPORT VISUAL

b)      REPORT RUNWAY [LIGHTS] IN SIGHT

c)       APPROACH COMPLETED [CONTACT (unit)]

a)      CONTINUE VISUALLY OR GO AROUND [missed approach instructions]

b)      GO AROUND IMMEDIATELY [missed approach instructions[ (reason)

c)       ARE YOU GOING AROUND?

d)      IF GOING AROUND (appropriate instructions)

e)      *GOING AROUND

a)      ADVISE TRANSPONDER CAPABILITY

b)      *TRANSPONDER (as shown in the flight plan)

c)       *NEGATIVE TRANSPONDER

a)      FOR DEPARTURE SQUAWK (code)

b)      SQUAWK (code)

a)      RESET SQUAWK [(mode)] (code)

b)      *RESETTING (mode) (code)

a)      CONFIRM SQUAWK (code)

b)      *SQUAWKING (code)

a)       CONFIRM SQUAWK [(code)] [AND] IDENT

b)      SQUAWK LOW

c)       SQUAWK NORMAL

General ADS phraseologies

Alerting phraseologies

(aircraft call sign) TERRAIN ALERT, (suggested pilot action, if possible)